The importance of examining climate statistics other than climate means is not new (Katz and Brown 1992; Boer and Lambert 2001). For example, recent studies by Frich et al. (2002), Kiktev et al. (2003), and Alexander et al. (2006) used climate indices and probability density functions (PDFs) of indices to explore the frequency and severity of climate extremes. These indices-based analyses provide a clear way forward in using climate model results for society-relevant impact assessments. Dessai et al. (2005) calculated PDFs, using seasonal data from climate models, to assess uncertainty in regional climate change projections. They devised a skill score that accounted for model bias and spatial variation to compare models and data for surface air temperature and precipitation.
pdf statistics and probability shahid jamal.27
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